The Ludlow Amendment and American Isolationism

Once upon a time, Congress nearly gave away its right to debate and declare war. It never actually happened, but it came close in the days of American isolationism something called the Ludlow Amendment. Shunning the World Stage With the exception of a brief flirtation with empire in 1898, the United States attempted to avoid involvement in foreign affairs (European, at least; the U.S. never had many problems shouldering into Latin American affairs), but close ties to Great Britain and Germanys use of submarine warfare dragged it into World War I in 1917. Having lost 116,000 soldiers killed and another 204,000 wounded in just over a year of the war, Americans were not eager to get involved in another European conflict. The country adopted its isolationist stance. Insistent Isolationism Americans adhered to isolationism throughout the 1920s and 1930s, regardless of events in Europe and Japan. From the rise of Fascism with Mussolini in Italy to the perfection of Fascism with Hitler in Germany and the hijacking of the civil government by militarists in Japan, Americans tended their own issues. Republican presidents in the 1920s, Warren G. Harding, Calvin Coolidge, and Herbert Hoover, also gave scant attention to foreign affairs. When Japan invaded Manchuria in 1931, Hoovers Secretary of State Henry Stimson merely gave Japan a diplomatic slap on the wrist. The crisis of the Great Depression swept Republicans from office in 1932, and new President Franklin D. Roosevelt was an internationalist, not an isolationist. FDRs New Attitude Roosevelt firmly believed that the United States should respond to events in Europe. When Italy invaded Ethiopia in 1935, he encouraged American oil companies to enact a moral embargo and stop selling oil to Italys armies. The oil companies refused. FDR, however, won out when it came to the Ludlow Amendment. Peak of Isolationism Representative Louis Ludlow (D-Indiana) introduced his amendment several times to the House of Representatives beginning in 1935. His 1938 introduction was the one most likely to pass. By 1938, Hitlers reinvigorated German army had retaken the Rhineland, was practicing blitzkrieg on behalf of Fascists in the Spanish Civil War and was preparing to annex Austria. In the East, Japan had started a full-out war with China. In the United States, Americans were scared history was about to repeat. Ludlows Amendment (a proposed amendment to the Constitution) read: Except in the event of an invasion of the United States or its Territorial possessions and attack upon its citizens residing therein, the authority of Congress to declare war shall not become effective until confirmed by a majority of all votes cast thereon in a Nation-wide referendum. Congress, when it deems a national crisis to exist, may by concurrent resolution refer the question of war or peace to the citizens of the States, the question to be voted on being, Shall the United States declare war on _________? Congress may otherwise by law provide for the enforcement of this section. Twenty years earlier, even entertaining this resolution would have been laughable. In 1938, though, the House not only entertained it but voted on it. It failed, 209-188. FDRs Pressure FDR hated the resolution, saying it would unduly limit the powers of the presidency. He wrote to Speaker of the House William Brockman Bankhead that: I must frankly state that I consider that the proposed amendment would be impracticable in its application and incompatible with our representative form of government. Our Government is conducted by the people through representatives of their own choosing, FDR continued. It was with singular unanimity that the founders of the Republic agreed upon such free and representative form of government as the only practical means of government by the people. Such an amendment to the Constitution as that proposed would cripple any President in his conduct of our foreign relations, and it would encourage other nations to believe that they could violate American rights with impunity. I fully realize that the sponsors of this proposal sincerely believe that it would be helpful in keeping the United States out of war. I am convinced it would have the opposite effect, the president concluded. Incredible (Near) Precedent Today the House vote that killed the Ludlow Amendment doesnt look all that close. And, had it passed the House, its unlikely the Senate would have passed it on to the public for approval. Nevertheless, its amazing that such a proposal got so much traction in the House. Incredible as it may seem, the House of Representatives (that house of Congress most answerable to the public) was so scared of its role in U.S. foreign policy that it seriously considered giving up one of its bedrock Constitutional duties; the declaration of war. Sources Ludlow Amendment, full text. Accessed September 19, 2013.Peace And War: United States Foreign Policy, 1931-1941. (U.S. Government Printing Office: Washington, 1943; repr. U.S. Department of State, 1983.) Accessed September 19, 2013.

Why Is Counseling Important - 1405 Words

WHY IS COUNSELING IMPORTANT The stigma surrounding psychotherapy, counseling and therapy, portrays seeking these resources as a weakness. This stigma may vary around the world when diving into the customs of different cultures and racial backgrounds, but overall it is not uncommon to see poor representation of these services in a positive light. Despite the negativity surrounding psychotherapy or counseling, they are certainly useful resources for individuals who are experiencing turmoil in their lives. Psychotherapy is not exclusive to certain disorders, traumas, or life events; psychotherapy is nondiscriminatory. Counseling and psychotherapy can be used by anyone, to overcome just about any obstacle. These services help provide individuals with a subjective perspective on some of the issues or life hardships that they may be enduring at the time. With the assistance of someone who can provide a professional outlook and thus give useful advice as to tactics for coping, therapy can be tailored to almost everyon e’s needs. It can be a very impactful instrument that provokes positive change within individuals. HUMAN NATURE The world is abundant with diversity. Diversity certainly comes from the various cultures, religions, social classes, genders, sexual orientations, and other identifying characteristics; although diversity is also found in those who have faced the same experiences but all reacted uniquely, in a very personalized way. Due to individuality and simply humanShow MoreRelatedWhy Is Career Counseling Important?1400 Words   |  6 PagesWhy is career counseling important? According to the National Career Development Association (2009), when considering career options you will want to learn more about yourself and how to carry out decisions and plans for your life and future career opportunities. 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Ponce De Leon And The Early Explorationof Florida Essay Example For Students

Ponce De Leon And The Early Explorationof Florida Essay Juan Ponce de Leon was born in 1460, in Tierra de Campos Paleia, in Leon, Spain (Ponce, 1996). He came from a noble family and entered the royal household as a page for Pedro Nunez de Guzman, at theCourt of Aragon. Later, young Ponce de Leon would become a solider for Spain and fight in the battles todrive the Moors from Granada (Blassingame, 1991). In 1493, Leon sailed with Christopher Columbus on his second voyage to America (Ponce, 1996). He was a member of the forces that enslaved the Indians in Hispaniola.This was the European and Spanishway. Few explores would look upon the natives they encountered as anything more than talking animals. For the year of 1502 he was a captain under the governor of Hispaniola, Nicolas de Ovando (Thompson,1990). During his time as captain he would suppress an Indian uprising. For this he was rewarded with thegovernorship of Higuey (Blassingame, 1991). Ponce de Leon would remain in Hispaniola until 1503. In this year he would be intrigued by thetales of gold to be found in Borinquen, known as the modern Puerto Rico (Ponce, 1994). He sailed toexplore and settle the island. He landed on August 12, 1508 and soon conquered the island and wasgranted governorship of the island. There he carved himself a large estate, where he built a castle(Thompson, 1990). Ovanado was soon replaced with Diego Columbus, as governor of Hispaniola. And Columbusplaced Juna Ceron as the new governor of Puerto Rico. For two years Leon fought to keep hisgovernorship, but he was removed from the position. He was advised by King Ferdinand to find new land(Thompson 1990). The Indians of Hispaniola worked as slaves for the Europeans. They would tell great stories of aplace called Bimini. It was a land filled with great riches. Ponce de Leon heard a different story from anold Indian woman. She added an interesting twist to her story. In her tale she told him of a magic fountainthat turned middle aged and old persons in to young vibrant men and women. If the riches did not attractPonce de Leon, the story of this fountain did. He was in his fifties and since his political career had failed,he figured, it was as good a time as any to explore the land (1990). Ponce de Leon left San German, Puerto Rico on March 3, 1513 and sailed with a fleet of threeships heading northwest toward Bimini. The chain of seven hundred Bahama islands was on his route buttime would not allow him to explore each of them. He did visit the island of San Salvador whereColumbus made his first landfall two decades before. The crew sighted the coast of America on March 3,1513. This was Easter Sunday so he named the land Florida after the Spanish name for Easter, Pascua deFlores (Ponce, 1993). The first sighting took place near present day St. Augustine, which was to befounded fifty-two years later (1990). Six days after they sighted land they found a safe place to dock their ships.The royal banner ofSpain was then flown over the new land. They expected the same lack of resistance as they hadexperienced when they came ashore at Hispaniola, but they were in for a surprise. The natives were fiercefighters and less enthusiastic of the appearance of these strange white men. Although their bow and arrowswere not of significance to the Spaniards, but the poisoned arrows they used were. Ponce de Leon onlywent upon land when it was absolutely necessary. He never had the chance to explore the land for himself(1990). .u10c7e352c98b1852d8a041342956cb61 , .u10c7e352c98b1852d8a041342956cb61 .postImageUrl , .u10c7e352c98b1852d8a041342956cb61 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u10c7e352c98b1852d8a041342956cb61 , .u10c7e352c98b1852d8a041342956cb61:hover , .u10c7e352c98b1852d8a041342956cb61:visited , .u10c7e352c98b1852d8a041342956cb61:active { border:0!important; } .u10c7e352c98b1852d8a041342956cb61 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u10c7e352c98b1852d8a041342956cb61 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u10c7e352c98b1852d8a041342956cb61:active , .u10c7e352c98b1852d8a041342956cb61:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u10c7e352c98b1852d8a041342956cb61 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u10c7e352c98b1852d8a041342956cb61 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u10c7e352c98b1852d8a041342956cb61 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u10c7e352c98b1852d8a041342956cb61 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u10c7e352c98b1852d8a041342956cb61:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u10c7e352c98b1852d8a041342956cb61 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u10c7e352c98b1852d8a041342956cb61 .u10c7e352c98b1852d8a041342956cb61-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u10c7e352c98b1852d8a041342956cb61:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Life and Times of Alexander the Great EssayPonce de Leon felt it was best to find a safer harbor. The fleet sailed south to the modern-dayCape Canaveral. The ships were caught in the strong current of the Gulf Stream which forced them tostruggle for weeks along the Florida Keys. Ponce de Leon finally decided to turn around and head home. He was so overwhelmed with his discovery that he sailed directly to Spain (Ponce 1994). Ponce de Leon figured that this was a smart move on his part because three ships were not enoughto do a proper job exploring the new land. He hoped that the king would give him permission and theequipment to explore his new land. Coming before the king, Ponce de Leon told him about the great islandof Florida. The king agreed that the land should be explored further. He promised Ponce de Leon that if heconquered it, he would be rewarded with its governorship (1990). Ponce de Leon was kept busy by the Carib Indians in the West Indies. It was not until 1521 thathe departd for Florida. This time he was prepared; he sailed with two armed ships, two hundred men andfifty horses. The conquistador was to blame for the great fighting force. He had sunk his whole fortune into the expedition to colonize this new land (Ponce, 1993). Little did Ponce de Leon know that Floridas geography had already been settled. In 1519, thesame year Magellan was searching for a strait into the Pacific Ocean far to the south, Alonzo Alvarez dePineda was searching for the same strait in the area of Florida. He sailed up the coast of Florida and thencontinued west following the coastline until he reached the modern-day city of Tampico, Mexico. On hisway home Pineda came upon a river that he named Rio del Espiritu Santo (River of the Holy Ghost). It isnow believed that this river was the Mississippi (1990). Ponce was now hoping to find the land of Bimini which he believed to be in the interior ofFlorida, because the coast line was mapped. At this time Leon was in his sixtys and time was short. Theywere met by a large group of Indians when they made their way to shore. Although the Spaniardswere well equiped, the Indians would defeat them. The Indians had powerful bows and arrows; the arrowswere so strong that they were able to crack helmets. Many of the men were killed, many more werewounded, including Ponce de Leon. An Indian arrow had pierced his armor and struck him in the thigh. His men carried him off the beach during their retreat (1990). The plans for a settlement were now destroyed. There was no doctor aboard their ship, so thecrew had no choice but to immediately set sail for Havana. Juan Ponce de Leon did not make it; he diedbefore they reached Cuba. Other explorers would try to follow Ponce de Leon example in the explorationof Florida, but most of them would encounter the same result as he did (1990). Panfilo de Narvaez was the first after Ponce de Leon to come to Florida. He came in 1528,arriving near Tampa Bay with about 400 men. They met the unfriendly natives there, but they also found asmall amount of gold. The Spaniards became very excited with this discovery. The indians told them thatthey could find the gold in the land of Apalachee which is today the Tallahassee area. They did not findany gold in the land of Apalachee so they decided to turn back. They built rafts and drifted along the coastof Florida. Most of the men were dead by now but a few were able to make it to the coast of Isla deMalhado. This island was possibly Galveston Island. After eight years only four men survived. One manwas Nunez Cabeca de Vaca who reached Mexico. The survivors told stories of finding wealth in theinterior of Florida. The stories encouraged many explorers; Marcos de Niza, Coronado, Cabrillo and Soto(Coler Shofner, 1991). .u296901697fde6c4b5d85d9aca1772b35 , .u296901697fde6c4b5d85d9aca1772b35 .postImageUrl , .u296901697fde6c4b5d85d9aca1772b35 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u296901697fde6c4b5d85d9aca1772b35 , .u296901697fde6c4b5d85d9aca1772b35:hover , .u296901697fde6c4b5d85d9aca1772b35:visited , .u296901697fde6c4b5d85d9aca1772b35:active { border:0!important; } .u296901697fde6c4b5d85d9aca1772b35 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u296901697fde6c4b5d85d9aca1772b35 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u296901697fde6c4b5d85d9aca1772b35:active , .u296901697fde6c4b5d85d9aca1772b35:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u296901697fde6c4b5d85d9aca1772b35 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u296901697fde6c4b5d85d9aca1772b35 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u296901697fde6c4b5d85d9aca1772b35 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u296901697fde6c4b5d85d9aca1772b35 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u296901697fde6c4b5d85d9aca1772b35:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u296901697fde6c4b5d85d9aca1772b35 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u296901697fde6c4b5d85d9aca1772b35 .u296901697fde6c4b5d85d9aca1772b35-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u296901697fde6c4b5d85d9aca1772b35:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: A Journey Though The Golden Gates Of Promise EssayHernando de Soto and his fleet, with over six hundred people left Cuba and reached the Floridacoast on May 25, 1539. It would be left to Soto to end the mystery surrounding Florida. There he found anindian prisoner, Juan Ortiz. The natives had no gold or silver, but they told stories of Indians living in theNorth that had an immense amount of gold and silver that they were looking for. Soto went in search ofthose indians only to discover that they had no precious metals. Soto took many natives hostage. Heseized Indian chiefs and many Indian women. He demanded that many Indians be provided as bearers andthe Indian women be p rovided as concubines for the Spaniards (1991). Soto decided to travel further north in search of the fabled riches. When he left his camp he tookthe Pensacola chief. He then traveled to the Indian village of Cofitachequi. There he was greeted by thechieftainess, who gave him a string of pearls. There the Spaniards found a vast amount of pearls, about twohundred pounds of them in the local burial sites. They left Cofitachequi and headed north, then towardwest, and finally toward the south. Hernando de Soto died on May 21, 1542 (1991). The viceroy of New Spain, Luis de Velasco, choose Tristan de Luna y Arellano to head theexpedition to Santa Elena. Lunas expedition reached Mobile Bay on August 14, but then quickly moved toPensacola Bay. They named Pensacola Bay Santa Maria Filipina, after the Virgin Mary and King Philip IIof Spain. The viceroy ordered Luna to move immediately to Santa Elena. Luna was then suffering from amental depression and was not able to make the trip to Santa Elena so the viceroy replaced him with Angelde Villafane (1991). ReferencesBlassingame, W (1991). Ponce de Leon. Philadelphia: Chelsea Juniors. Coler, W.S., ; Shofner, J.H. (1991). Florida: From the Beginning to 1992. Houston: PioneerPublications, Inc. Ponce de Leon (1993). Microsoft (R) Encarta, Copyright Microsoft Corporation. Copyright 1993 Funk ;Wagnalls Corporation. Ponce de Leon (1994). Comptons NewMedia Inc. Comptons learning Company. Ponce de Leon (1996). Prodigy (R) interactive personal service. Excerpted from Comptons Encyclopedia. Thompson, J (1990, November). Ponce de Leon. Stamps, pp 245-246.

The most important part of Emergency Planning Introduction

Online Public Schools for Pennsylvania Students

Online Public Schools for Pennsylvania Students Students residing in Pennsylvania can  take online public school courses for free. Schools included in this article met the following qualifications: they have classes available completely online, they offer services to state residents, and they are government-funded. Presented here is a list of some no-cost online schools serving elementary and high school students in Pennsylvania as of May 2017.   21st Century Cyber Charter School Pennsylvania students in grades 6 to 12 can attend 21CCCS, which provides a rigorous and personalized curriculum, highly qualified instructional staff and a supportive educational community. Using PSSA scores, Keystone Exam scores, PSAT participation, SAT scores and other academic performance measures, 21CCCS regularly outperforms other Pennsylvania cyber schools. 21CCCS holds the highest score of any cyber charter  on the College Ready Benchmark, which includes the SAT and ACT scores of 12th-grade students. 21CCCS has also been ranked in the top 5 to 10 percent of high schools in Pennsylvania for SAT scores. The school provides students with a flexible, individualized learning environment. Asynchronous learning offers students 24/7 course access and a 56-hour-per-week window where they can work one on one with PA certified, highly qualified teachers. Agora Cyber Charter School Agora Cyber Charter School’s mission and commitment are to provide an â€Å"innovative, intense academic program that inspires and educates students to achieve the highest levels of academic knowledge and skills and develop proficiency in the design and use of new computer technologies and scientific research.† The school partners with families and the community to ensure that every student’s Individualized Learning Plan is not only met but exceeded. Agora Cyber Charter School’s nine core values, which shape and define the school’s climate and culture, are empowerment, innovation, respect, compassion, integrity, personalization, teamwork, courage, and responsibility. Reach Cyber Charter School Reach Cyber Charter School courses are offered throughout the year- during the fall, spring and summer sessions. As a result, this online high school provides Pennsylvania school students with three flexible graduation pacing options. In the Standard Pace option, students take a full course load in fall and spring. For the Year-Round Pace options, students take fewer classes than usual in fall and spring, but they also attend school in summer. Accelerated Pace students attend full-time year round, leading to early graduation. The school uses a secure education management system on which parents and students can locate necessary documents, communicate with teachers, find daily lessons and more. SusQ-Cyber Charter School SusQ-Cyber Charter School uses a blended curriculum, with content from a variety of providers. In synchronous online classrooms, students participate along with other students and the teacher in real time. As a fully staffed public high school, SusQ-Cyber has a Guidance Department, Student Health Services, and a Special Education Department. The school’s technical support staff, among other tasks, keeps up with all the gear that students receive: an Apple computer, as well as an iPad for 11th- and 12th-grade students, any necessary software; a personal internet hot spot; a printer and ink; and calculators.

2) Critically analysis the relationship between new forms of workspace Essay

2) Critically analysis the relationship between new forms of workspace architecture and focus on the style visibility in the new economy - Essay Example It also involves the ability to view things that are beyond the four walls. The main focus of this paper is to analyse the relationship between work space architecture and work space visibility. The relationship that exists between workspace architect and workspace visibility is that workspace architect mainly involve the relationship that exists between humans and space, it is exhibited inform of houses offices and other forms of structure to which humans work in. On the other hand visibility is the composition of what exists within the four walls of the work space architecture. This involves both the things that can be observed within the walls and those beyond the walls. Both workspace architect and workspace visibility are based upon the principle of â€Å"Build to Last†. This is because most architectural workspaces are not only built to make money but they are also built to create a lifetime impression. It is also to act as a legacy to remember someone when they die (Costea, 2014). Workspace architecture not only aims at creating working, living and moving environments but it also creates environments that are suitable for our own personalities, correspond to our sense, stimulates our minds and gives us the inspiration and motivation to work. This aims at not only good working conditions but also causes an improvement in the general outcome. But for a workspace architecture to fully satisfy the intended needs, it should be used hand in hand with workspace visibility, if the workspace visibility is easy to manage and solves the specific problems it was intended to solve then the workspace architecture will have a good visibility hence it would be effective in the new economy(Kumar, 2007). The workspace architecture should be cost effective and economical; it should have the ability to integrate easily into the business

Real and personal property Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Real and personal property - Essay Example Property is usually divided into two aspects; the first being the personal property and the second is real property. Real property is usually restricted to matter revolving around land or what is sometimes called ‘in rem’. On the other hand, personal property revolves around chattels or what may sometimes be defined as ‘in personam’. In modern law, property can be examined under a series of models.; the first one amongst these is property as a fact. The second is property as a right and the third is property as a responsibility. In the legal system, real and personal property ownership is governed by property law rights when considering the common law system. In the civil law legal system, there is a distinction between movable and immovable property. Real property is largely encompassed by immovable property while personal property is associated with movable property. Consequently, the rights associated with these types of property are entailed in property law. (Liuzzo & Bonnice, 2005) In legal terms, the process of declaring that certain property belongs to an individual is not adequate enough to constitute property. Instead, this matter is usually all embracing when certain persons need to have their rights to chattels or land respected and enforced by the law. It is essential for one to acquire property legitimately in accordance to the law so as to seek its protection. This is usually acquired by possession of a title to that property. There are a series of differences that arise when one considers the issue of personal versus real property. The most outstanding difference among them is with regard to immobility. Usually, real property can be considered immobile while personal property is mobile. This means that the rule governing the latter’s transference are radically different from those governing the former. Real property